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Fruit Partial Shade OK Frequent water

Cacao

Written by the GrowByCity Editorial Team · Updated April 2026
2 min read

Source of chocolate. A warmth-loving plant that does best between 24°C and 30°C, cacao adapts well to tropical and subtropical conditions but cannot tolerate frost. Give it partial shade, though it appreciates some direct light and frequent watering — it is a thirsty plant that dislikes dry soil, and expect to harvest in roughly 1095-1825 days. Patience pays off — once established, it produces reliably season after season with proper care.

Harvest 1095-1825 days
Temp Range 18°C — 35°C

Quick Answer: How to Grow Cacao

Cacao takes 1095-1825 days to harvest. It grows best in 24–30°C with partial shade ok and frequent watering. Cacao is not frost tolerant — wait until after the last frost to plant. It can be grown in 350 cities worldwide.

Find the best time to plant Cacao in your city →

Growing Requirements

☀️
Sun
Partial Shade OK
💧
Water
Frequent
❄️
Frost
Sensitive
📅
Harvest
1095-1825 days

Temperature Range

24-30°C
-10°C 45°C
Optimal: 24–30°C Tolerates: 18–35°C
Tropical suitable: Yes
Cities growing: 350 of 350

Growing Tips

💡

Expert Tips

Needs constant warmth, humidity, and shade. Only viable in true tropical climates. Wait until soil warms to at least 24°C before transplanting outdoors — cold soil stunts growth and can invite root rot. Consistent moisture is critical. Mulch with straw or compost to retain soil moisture and keep roots cool during hot weather.

Quick Facts

  • Grows in 350 of 350 cities
  • Available in 7 regions worldwide
  • Temperature range: 18°C to 35°C
  • Optimal growing: 24°C to 30°C
  • Harvest in 1095-1825 days

Did You Know?

  • 🌱 Cacao loves the heat! It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates year-round.

Step-by-Step Growing Guide

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is a tropical understory tree requiring year-round temperatures between 65–95°F, high humidity (70–100%), and protection from direct afternoon sun — it is truly one of the most climate-specific crops on earth. It grows only between 20 degrees north and south of the equator. Plant in deep, well-drained, humus-rich soil with a pH of 6.0–7.5; organic matter is critical. In true tropical climates, plant in filtered light under a nurse tree canopy. Water frequently — cacao needs consistent moisture but not waterlogging. Apply balanced fertilizer monthly during the growing season and potassium-rich fertilizer as pods develop. The tree is cauliflorous: flowers and pods grow directly on the main trunk and large branches, not on new shoots. Hand pollination by midges occurs naturally in tropical environments but may be needed in cultivation. First harvest typically occurs at 3–5 years. In temperate climates, cacao can be grown as a novelty greenhouse plant but will not fruit without specialized conditions.

Common Pests & Problems

Witch's broom disease (Moniliophthora perniciosa) is a devastating fungal pathogen that causes broom-like vegetative proliferation and pod death — no home remedy; it has devastated the Brazilian cacao industry and requires removal of all infected material. Frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) causes pods to turn brown, shrivel, and fill with a white powdery spore mass — remove and bury or burn all infected pods immediately. Cacao pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella) is the most widespread insect pest in Southeast Asian production, with larvae tunneling into pods and consuming seeds — use bagging of developing pods and biological control. Phytophthora black pod disease causes black, rotting pods in wet conditions — ensure good drainage and airflow, and remove infected pods promptly.

Harvest & Storage

Cacao pods take 5–6 months to ripen after flowering. Ripe pods change color from green or red to yellow, orange, or burgundy depending on variety — they should sound hollow when tapped. Cut pods from the trunk with a sharp machete or pruning saw; never pull, which damages the cushion where future flowers will form. Split pods open and extract the beans surrounded by white mucilaginous pulp. Ferment beans in wooden boxes or banana leaf bundles for 5–7 days, turning daily — fermentation is essential to develop chocolate flavor precursors. After fermentation, dry beans in the sun for 7–14 days to 7% moisture, turning regularly. Dried beans store in burlap sacks in a cool, dry location for several months before processing.

Popular Varieties

Criollo is the rarest and most prized cacao type, producing white beans with complex, nutty, low-bitterness flavor — it accounts for less than 5% of world production and is highly susceptible to disease. Forastero is the workhorse of the chocolate industry — highly productive, disease-resistant, and producing the bulk cocoa flavor that most mass-market chocolate is based on. Trinitario is a natural Criollo-Forastero hybrid that combines Forastero's yield and disease resistance with some of Criollo's flavor complexity — most fine-flavor chocolate production uses Trinitario types. 'Nacional' from Ecuador is considered a distinct type producing uniquely floral, jasmine-noted cocoa prized by artisan chocolate makers.

Where to Grow Cacao

Cacao can be grown in 350 cities across 7 regions worldwide

🌍 Europe (80 cities)

City Level JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Aarhus, DK hard
Amsterdam, NL hard
Ankara, TR hard
Antalya, TR hard
Athens, GR hard
Barcelona, ES hard
Bari, IT hard
Belgrade, RS hard
Bergen, NO hard
Berlin, DE hard
Bilbao, ES hard
Bologna, IT hard
Bordeaux, FR hard
Bratislava, SK hard
Brussels, BE hard
Bucharest, RO hard
Budapest, HU hard
Catania, IT hard
Cologne, DE hard
Copenhagen, DK hard
Corfu, GR hard
Cork, IE hard
Dublin, IE hard
Dubrovnik, HR hard
Edinburgh, GB hard
Florence, IT hard
Frankfurt, DE hard
Gdansk, PL hard
Genoa, IT hard
Glasgow, GB hard
Gothenburg, SE hard
Hamburg, DE hard
Helsinki, FI hard
Heraklion, GR hard
Istanbul, TR hard
Izmir, TR hard
Krakow, PL hard
Kyiv, UA hard
Limassol, CY hard
Lisbon, PT hard
Ljubljana, SI hard
London, GB hard
Lyon, FR hard
Madrid, ES hard
Malaga, ES hard
Marseille, FR hard
Milan, IT hard
Munich, DE hard
Naples, IT hard
Nice, FR hard
Nicosia, CY hard
Oslo, NO hard
Palermo, IT hard
Paris, FR hard
Porto, PT hard
Poznan, PL hard
Prague, CZ hard
Reykjavik, IS hard
Riga, LV hard
Rome, IT hard
Seville, ES hard
Sofia, BG hard
Split, HR hard
Stockholm, SE hard
Strasbourg, FR hard
Stuttgart, DE hard
Tallinn, EE hard
Thessaloniki, GR hard
Tirana, AL hard
Toulouse, FR hard
Turin, IT hard
Turku, FI hard
Valencia, ES hard
Valletta, MT hard
Verona, IT hard
Vienna, AT hard
Vilnius, LT hard
Warsaw, PL hard
Zagreb, HR hard
Zurich, CH hard

🌏 Asia (79 cities)

City Level JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Ahmedabad, IN hard
Almaty, KZ hard
Bali, ID hard
Bandung, ID hard
Bangalore, IN hard
Bangkok, TH hard
Beijing, CN hard
Busan, KR hard
Cebu, PH hard
Chandigarh, IN hard
Chengdu, CN hard
Chennai, IN hard
Chiang Mai, TH hard
Chittagong, BD hard
Chongqing, CN hard
Coimbatore, IN hard
Colombo, LK hard
Da Nang, VN hard
Dalian, CN hard
Davao, PH hard
Delhi, IN hard
Dhaka, BD hard
Dharan, NP hard
Fukuoka, JP hard
Galle, LK hard
Guangzhou, CN hard
Hangzhou, CN hard
Hanoi, VN hard
Harbin, CN hard
Ho Chi Minh City, VN hard
Hong Kong, HK hard
Hyderabad, IN hard
Incheon, KR hard
Indore, IN hard
Islamabad, PK hard
Jaipur, IN hard
Jakarta, ID hard
Jeju, KR hard
Johor Bahru, MY hard
Karachi, PK hard
Kathmandu, NP hard
Kochi, IN hard
Kolkata, IN hard
Kuala Lumpur, MY hard
Kunming, CN hard
Kyoto, JP hard
Lahore, PK hard
Lucknow, IN hard
Manila, PH hard
Mumbai, IN hard
Nagoya, JP hard
Nanjing, CN hard
Nha Trang, VN hard
Okinawa, JP hard
Osaka, JP hard
Pattaya, TH hard
Penang, MY hard
Phnom Penh, KH hard
Pune, IN hard
Sapporo, JP hard
Seoul, KR hard
Shanghai, CN hard
Shenzhen, CN hard
Siem Reap, KH hard
Singapore, SG hard
Surabaya, ID hard
Surat, IN hard
Taipei, TW hard
Tashkent, UZ hard
Tbilisi, GE hard
Tokyo, JP hard
Ulaanbaatar, MN hard
Varanasi, IN hard
Vientiane, LA hard
Visakhapatnam, IN hard
Wuhan, CN hard
Xi'an, CN hard
Xiamen, CN hard
Yangon, MM hard

🌎 North America (78 cities)

City Level JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Albuquerque, US hard
Anchorage, US hard
Atlanta, US hard
Austin, US hard
Baltimore, US hard
Baton Rouge, US hard
Boise, US hard
Boston, US hard
Bridgetown, BB hard
Buffalo, US hard
Calgary, CA hard
Cancun, MX hard
Charleston, US hard
Charlotte, US hard
Chattanooga, US hard
Chicago, US hard
Denver, US hard
Des Moines, US hard
Detroit, US hard
Edmonton, CA hard
El Paso, US hard
Fargo, US hard
Fresno, US hard
Guadalajara, MX hard
Halifax, CA hard
Hartford, US hard
Havana, CU hard
Honolulu, US hard
Houston, US hard
Jacksonville, US hard
Kansas City, US hard
Kingston, JM hard
Knoxville, US hard
Las Vegas, US hard
Little Rock, US hard
Los Angeles, US hard
Louisville, US hard
Lubbock, US hard
Madison, US hard
Memphis, US hard
Mexico City, MX hard
Miami, US hard
Milwaukee, US hard
Minneapolis, US hard
Monterrey, MX hard
Montreal, CA hard
Nashville, US hard
New Orleans, US hard
New York, US hard
Oaxaca, MX hard
Oklahoma City, US hard
Omaha, US hard
Ottawa, CA hard
Panama City, PA hard
Phoenix, US hard
Pittsburgh, US hard
Portland, US hard
Puebla, MX hard
Quebec City, CA hard
Raleigh, US hard
Richmond, US hard
Sacramento, US hard
Salt Lake City, US hard
San Diego, US hard
San Francisco, US hard
San Jose, CR hard
Santo Domingo, DO hard
Saskatoon, CA hard
Savannah, US hard
Seattle, US hard
Spokane, US hard
St. Louis, US hard
Tampa, US hard
Toronto, CA hard
Tucson, US hard
Vancouver, CA hard
Victoria, CA hard
Winnipeg, CA hard

🌍 Africa (39 cities)

City Level JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Abidjan, CI hard
Accra, GH hard
Addis Ababa, ET hard
Algiers, DZ hard
Antananarivo, MG hard
Arusha, TZ hard
Bamako, ML hard
Bloemfontein, ZA hard
Cairo, EG hard
Cape Town, ZA hard
Casablanca, MA hard
Dakar, SN hard
Dar es Salaam, TZ hard
Douala, CM hard
Durban, ZA hard
Entebbe, UG hard
Fez, MA hard
Freetown, SL hard
Harare, ZW hard
Johannesburg, ZA hard
Kampala, UG hard
Kigali, RW hard
Kinshasa, CD hard
Lagos, NG hard
Libreville, GA hard
Lilongwe, MW hard
Lome, TG hard
Luanda, AO hard
Lusaka, ZM hard
Maputo, MZ hard
Marrakech, MA hard
Mombasa, KE hard
Nairobi, KE hard
Ouagadougou, BF hard
Port Louis, MU hard
Pretoria, ZA hard
Tunis, TN hard
Windhoek, NA hard
Zanzibar, TZ hard

🌎 South America (39 cities)

City Level JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Arequipa, PE hard
Asuncion, PY hard
Barranquilla, CO hard
Belem, BR hard
Bogota, CO hard
Brasilia, BR hard
Buenos Aires, AR hard
Cali, CO hard
Campinas, BR hard
Caracas, VE hard
Cartagena, CO hard
Concepcion, CL hard
Cordoba, AR hard
Curitiba, BR hard
Cusco, PE hard
Fortaleza, BR hard
Georgetown, GY hard
Goiania, BR hard
Guayaquil, EC hard
La Paz, BO hard
Lima, PE hard
Manaus, BR hard
Medellin, CO hard
Mendoza, AR hard
Montevideo, UY hard
Paramaribo, SR hard
Port of Spain, TT hard
Porto Alegre, BR hard
Quito, EC hard
Recife, BR hard
Rio de Janeiro, BR hard
Rosario, AR hard
Salvador, BR hard
Santa Cruz, BO hard
Santiago, CL hard
Sao Paulo, BR hard
Sucre, BO hard
Trujillo, PE hard
Valparaiso, CL hard

🌊 Oceania (19 cities)

City Level JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Adelaide, AU hard
Alice Springs, AU hard
Auckland, NZ hard
Brisbane, AU hard
Cairns, AU hard
Canberra, AU hard
Christchurch, NZ hard
Darwin, AU hard
Dunedin, NZ hard
Gold Coast, AU hard
Hamilton, NZ hard
Hobart, AU hard
Melbourne, AU hard
Noumea, NC hard
Perth, AU hard
Suva, FJ hard
Sydney, AU hard
Townsville, AU hard
Wellington, NZ hard

🕌 Middle East (16 cities)

City Level JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Abu Dhabi, AE hard
Amman, JO hard
Baghdad, IQ hard
Beirut, LB hard
Doha, QA hard
Dubai, AE hard
Erbil, IQ hard
Jeddah, SA hard
Kuwait City, KW hard
Manama, BH hard
Muscat, OM hard
Riyadh, SA hard
Sana'a, YE hard
Tabriz, IR hard
Tehran, IR hard
Tel Aviv, IL hard

When should I plant cacao in my city?

The best time to plant cacao depends on your local climate zone. It thrives in temperatures between 24°C and 30°C. Wait until after the last frost in your area. Check your city's planting calendar on GrowByCity for exact dates.

Can I grow cacao in winter?

Cacao is not frost tolerant and cannot survive winter outdoors in most temperate climates. In tropical areas (USDA Zones 10+), it may grow year-round.

Get Cacao Seeds & Plants

Ready to start growing? Find Cacao seeds and starter plants online.

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Similar Growing Requirements

Frequently Asked Questions about Cacao

When should I plant cacao?

The best time to plant cacao depends on your local climate. Cacao grows best in temperatures between 24°C and 30°C (can tolerate 18°C to 35°C). Cacao is not frost tolerant, so wait until after the last frost in your area. Check your city's planting calendar on GrowByCity for exact planting months.

Can cacao grow in tropical climates?

Yes! Cacao can grow in tropical climates. It's successfully grown in tropical cities like Abidjan, Abu Dhabi, Accra. Cacao requires partial shade ok and frequent watering.

How long does cacao take to grow?

Cacao typically takes 1095-1825 days from planting to harvest. It requires partial shade ok and frequent watering. Needs constant warmth, humidity, and shade. Only viable in true tropical climates. Wait until soil warms to at least 24°C before transplanting outdoors — cold soil stunts growth and can invite root rot. Consistent moisture is critical. Mulch with straw or compost to retain soil moisture and keep roots cool during hot weather.

Find the Best Time to Plant Cacao

See the planting calendar for Cacao in these popular cities:

Last updated: March 2026 · Climate data from NOAA, FAO, USDA

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